Ways+of+Knowing

Knowing by way of our senses


 * Sense || Times when my senses were reliable || Times when my senses were off/wrong ||
 * Visual || When my friends and I spotted a robbery across the school || When you get a head rush then you can’t really concentrate on your eyesight ||
 * Olfactory || I can sense when something smells funny, like fire, which is dangerous. || When I have a cold, I can’t smell properly ||
 * Touch || When I’m blindfolded I put my hands in front of me so I can feel things that are in my way || When I have pins and needles, I can’t feel the anything else but the pain ||
 * Auditory || When I recognize the singer of a song right || When water gets into my ears, I can’t hear very well ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Taste || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When I can recognize different flavors || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When the dentist put something into my mouth and it becomes numb ||

__**Biological Constitution**__

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In what ways does the biological constitution of a living organism determine, influence or limit its perception? If humans are sensitive only to certain ranges of stimuli, what consequences, including positive attributes and limitations, might this have for the acquisition of knowledge? Provide examples. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How does technology extend and modify the capabilities of the senses? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Comparing and contrasting <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Abilities of different creatures based on their sense of perception

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The biological constitution of a living organism determines its perception because it is what we are feeling, outside and inside, using our senses that we have. All of these effect our perception. Each living organism has its own significant perception. Namely, human beings and animals. Humans are known to be the most intelligent species that has ever existed. But we too aren't perfect, we can also lose our sense of perception, such as if we have diseases or natural disadvantages that limits us on doing this. It affects animals too; they are a wide range of different species out there with different advantages and disadvantages to its perception. For example; we can compare our perception to an ant's perception. It is way smaller than us, which limits its perception in many ways, such as its sight, they can only see a small range of things which we can't see but we can see up here when that they can't, so it doesn't really benefit them. Another example, we can look at a dog's perception. It has many benefits such as its smell, which determines to why it walks around sniffing all the time everywhere. It limits its perception because its sight is poor, which is why it relies more their smell to aid them.

<span style="color: #ff7400; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Repeat what "It" is - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It influences our perception because for example if we see something we're interested in, then we are most likely to want to see it more and learn more of it. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Same goes to our other senses, we react as we perceive. For example, when a mosquito comes up and suck your blood, you automatically hit it because we know by experience that it can harm us.

<span style="color: #ff7400; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Here is a place to break. Change of idea - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> It limits our perception because we can only do so much and sometimes, we can't use them to help us. Some positive attributes might be that, we want to inquire more about a certain thing because we are limited to knowing it using our perception. We want to learn MORE about it.

<span style="color: #ff7400; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Break here too - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Technology plays a major role in extending and modifying our capabilities of the senses because it allows us to do more than we are limited to. There are a lot of advanced technologies that have been invented to help us go beyond. For example, looking at a sample of dirt mixed with water in the naked eye, comparing it to looking at a sample of the dirt mixed with the water with a microscope, which allows us to see more than what we can see what’s in front of us, such as microscopic organisms. Another example is how we can use telescopes to see the whole universe, when we can't see them without using the telescope. So this piece of technology extends our sight perception, which benefits us. This piece of writing would benefit from paragraphing. It would also benefit from review and editing. Try organizing the answers in the way the question is presented. You try this a bit here, but do it by way of using paragraphs. Also, when discussing technology, has it had an affect on our lives in a positive or negative way? Explain.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Perception __
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What are the primary ways in which we know the world around us?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Are there stages to perception?
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Here are some recognized stages. Define them and find examples:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - **Filtering** Focusing on one thing when many other things are happening, so you are filtering all the other things that are happening (ceteris paribus) Example : Filtering the ac sound to listen to Mr Klatt.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **- Halo and horn effec**t - <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When you perceive something and interpret it as being a good thing, when later you found out that its not. Example : When an old lady has a car breakdown in the middle of a road, its raining and she's in a good mood, hoping that someone would help her get out of this situation, is a halo effect. When the old lady has a car breakdown in the middle of the road but in a super bad mood, hair wet, new shoes, crying and someone comes up and knocks on her window, is a horn effect.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> **-Organizing**- Map out things in your head, characterize information to make you understand it better. Example : "The keys are on the big table in the kitchen", you would go to the kitchen and look for the the big table for the keys, or you can visualize the big table in the kitchen in your head, knowing that the keys are on it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Example : Nerds
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Stereotyping **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Judging by their looks **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">either person or objects **<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">. **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Look at something and not sure what it is and then fill in some more information of your own, and you might be right or you might be wrong in the end.(Problem solving) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Example: Looking at a piece of artwork.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Filling in information - **

Think deeper about the information and being able to connect with it. This one implies some sort of judgment.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> - Interpretation **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Perceptual Illusions
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is your perception always accurate? Provide examples of when it is trustworthy, and when it might not be. - (the table)

- People's perceptions are the same, but how we use it or the way of understanding (taking in the information) is different to all people. Commonalities in different people can validate the experience. Everyone is unique, so it does not invalidate our and other people's experiences.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Are people’s perceptions the same? How do you know this? Does this invalidate your or another person’s experience? **

- Its different for different people, everyone has different view on things, depending on how they perceive and interpret. - Misperceptions might occur in situations like : if you have a cold and you might not be able to smell things well because of that.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why might misperceptions occur? **

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Selectivity of Perception __
- By memory, background,morality - Yes, for example we rely heavily on our sight perception, we have to see it to believe it - If someone's not able to use one of their senses, for examples sight, then they rely more on their hearing and smell to help them - We can inform with others to make sure, but that doesn't mean yours is right and theirs is wrong, because different people have different experiences and perspective. Commonalities in this may help.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How do we validate our perceptions? Do we ignore some and rely more heavily on others? Why? **

- Environment, background, beliefs, how you were raised, people surrounding you like your family and friends. - For example, if you were raised and you grew up in a house with LOUD air conditioning noises, then you would get used to it aand familiar with the sound until to the point where you cant really tell the difference between normal sound and the AC sound. - I think it is mainly conscious, because we are always aware of whats going on around us, but when we don't, that's when how we interpret our perceptions become unconscious.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What things might affect how you interpret your perceptions? Is this selectivity conscious or unconscious? **

Influences- From friends, family, teachers, etc. For example, family influences their children to do certain things because that is how they want their child to be raised like. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Age- determines some of the limits to our perception, such as hearing, as we get older everything tends to get old too.So, advantages and disadvantages. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gender- This may affect individual's perspective on one thing, depending on who we are surrounded and how we were brought up. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Culture- One of the main reasons why we perceive differently, because culture is a part of us and familiarity plays a role in this. The sense of morality also comes in. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Biological- Naturally there, runs in the genes. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Advertisement- Convinces us to perceive a certain thing, place, etc. to make profits.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can you provide reasons why people perceive things differently? Explain **

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Seeing and Believing __
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- As we perceive, we have to think about it and make up in our minds, if its familiar to us. If it is, then we've perceived from our memory, If its not, then we try to remember about that thing for the future. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Reality <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Imagination <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Thoughts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Sense of morality <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Likes, dislikes and preferences <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Basically, based on your own personal memories and experiences, how you were raised and the influences around you, perceptions can describe you.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What do you create from your perceptions? **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Beliefs- Different beliefs are taught at and practiced everywhere, and this is the way of how we apply it to our daily life, such as in one belief, they don't believe in drinking and thinks its 'haram', but in another they would say they don't mind. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Types of economist- For example a socialist, who cares about the welfare of the people, will perceive differently to a communist, who doesn't, because of their strong beliefs.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> In this case, one could ask, what belief or models affect our perception? **

The different senses are used in the different Areas of Knowing in the sense of how we perceive things that affect many things such as our emotions.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This leads to the question of if, or how are, the senses are used in the different Areas of Knowing? **

If there is history behind it, evidence, and other people has the same thing happening to them, commonality. This is mainly instinct sometimes, because we don't really know what's wrong and what's right.
 * Distinguishing Appearance from Reality**
 * How would you be able to confirm if your perceptions are representing what you are experiencing accurately?**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Homework:** Write wiki entry on perceptions and truth: If you left the planet and had to explain to an alien what life was like on our planet, what would you say? What might be some of the problems associated with your perceptions? What things would you highlight, what would you not highlight and why? How would you explain that you knew your description was the truth? Provide examples.

I would tell them all the different senses we use to identify things, to understand things and to use our perception in every situation. But, relying on our senses is not always the best way because they can be inaccurate, which can lead to misperception. I would say that us humans have the same senses but we use it differently, and we can validate what is true and what isn't based on our memory, background, by asking others and informing with them, commonalities, and morality. But as I mentioned before, sometimes it isn't always correct because there is a variety of things we have not perceived or experienced before. The things I would highlight are the places we get to see, the food we get to taste, basically the things we get to experience everyday- it never gets boring. I'll tell them what we offer on Earth to what it was like there. This question and how they are used in different areas of knowing are needed.

__The nature of emotions__
Relating back to Perceptions, we perceive first as we face and feel our emotions. Then, we react, depending on what type of emotion we are feeling. It is also the partnership of our mind and heart, both in //sync//, keeping us sane and calm. There are many types of emotions, such as sympathy, empathy, happy, relieved, fear, uneasy, etc.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the underlying nature of our emotions? **

When you feel an emotion, you react with the emotion in a certain way, for example if you're angry, and you're the type of person who just blurt out things, you're going to shout out loud or walk away from the situation, eg your friends. You can express your emotions by doing physical things such as your facial expression. Your emotion can be affected by the mood you were having that day, relationship with others or a certain event that had happened. Something is happening with your body when you feel a certain emotion, such as a rush of adrenaline.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When you feel an emotion, how do you know you are feeling that way? Can you explain why you are having this emotion? **

You have to perceive first, to develop an emotion. Depending in the situation, you can also develop an emotion through that. We can describe our emotions through language in many ways, such as writing it down, authors emotions in books, singers and song writing,
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Describe the process by which you develop an emotion. In what ways do we describe emotions through language? **

No, because emotions come naturally and you can't really think about how you're going to feel about it, but you can decide what to react in situations that affect your emotions. It is an unconscious feeling.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can you reason about emotions? **

Mainly other people surrounding you, such as friends, and family, because they have emotions too and in some situations, they can relate to your emotion, and this is called empathy. Friends can lead you to perceive something in a different way, which makes you feel about that something differently than before. Background is also another influence because it is how you were raised and personal experiences you face, so if you face the same situation, then we know we have felt the emotion before so this time, you might react to it differently. You welfare and mood can also influence our emotions because if we are in a bad mood, and someone told you another bad news, then you will get more mad/depressed/stressed out.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What things influence your emotions? **

There are times when you SHOULD control emotions, and times where its bad for you to keep it in because it's not healthy for you. For example, if we were hurt but we keep it to ourselves, and controlling it, it is bad because it will affect you in your actions and such later. If you didn't control your emotions, such as you hear some good news and you were overjoyed by it, you freak out and started screaming, in a funeral, that is the time when you really should control your emotions.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Are controlling emotions a good or a bad thing? Explain with examples. **

When we were a baby, we were free to feel everything and let out our emotions and feelings, such as when fall and we get hurt, we're going to cry out loud. But as you get to teenage years, it gets a little personal to most of us and that's why we don't let out and show our emotions as much, because of influences and peer pressure from their surroundings. When we get to adult age, the little things doesn't hurt as much but you face more difficult problems, and that's when you face the true emotions. This happen because of influences around us and the difficulties we face. New challenges brings you new emotions and you learn from it.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How do emotions change as you get older? Why does this happen? **

Not necessarily, because emotions are based on the person itself. But how they were brought up is also important, and if they follow a certain culture to lead a certain type of life, then yes, it may affect on how you feel things.
 * Are emotions influenced by culture?**

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions as obstacle __
It depends, because for example, if we were in an uneasy situation, so we aren't really focused much, we wouldn't be able to understand a certain thing well or as much as the person who was happy and focused.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can emotions affect the way we understand something? **

Yes, because if we let our emotions get in the way while we perceive, we limit ourselves to knowledge, knowing and understand something better.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can emotions limit the reliability or even the validity of a knowledge claim? Provide examples. **

A definite yes, because some people hide their truest feelings and react in a certain way in which they don't want others to know about.
 * Can emotional responses be misunderstood by others? How do you get around that?**

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions as source __

 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can emotions be an important aspect of creating knowledge? Provide examples. **

It is the ability and the skill of one's self to identify, understand and control of one's self, of others and groups surrounding them. People who are able to do this well are usually leaders in the group or society, so therefore yes, they can use this ability as an advantage, in both good and bad situations.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is emotional intelligence? Can your emotions be smart, can you understand other people's emotions and therefore use it as an advantage? Use it for good or bad? **

Intuition- the ability to understand something immediately, without the need to conscious feeling. Yes, there is such a thing as intuition, the instinctive feeling within us is always there. Examples?
 * Is there such a thing as Intuition? Would you rely on it as a reliable way of knowing? Provide examples.**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yes, you can. I think it is divided in two categories: **positive and negative.**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Can you classify emotions? What categories could you create? **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions can lead us to doing many things, can cause us to why we are reacting a certain way and how we use emotions to different areas of knowledge. For example, emotions can be used in English, Arts and Music. We can express our emotions by writing it down, or by painting it out, or the play it out loud in situations. For example, if you were depressed, you can listen to music that will calm you down or express your emotions by putting the music up loud to block off all the other things that are going on.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What role does emotion play in some of the different areas of knowledge? **

__Reason__
Are you always reasonable in your reasoning? What does that mean?

__The Nature of Reasoning__
Syllogisms:

All animals are mortal

All men are animals

All men are mortal

All fruit is nutritious

All nutritious things are tasty

All tasty things are nutritious

No tree is edible

All trees are green

All green things are not edible

All cats have paws

All dogs have paws

All cats are dogs

All cows have tails

All pigs have tails

All cows are pigs

All sloths are slow

All babies are slow

All babies are sloths

All books are informative

Some information is not reliable

Some books are not reliable

All women cook

Your sister has never cooked

Your sister is not a woman

All apples in my garden are wholesome

All wholesome fruit is ripe

Some ripe fruit are apples in my garden

All football players are rich

You play football

You are rich

All living things are made up of cells

You are alive

You are made up of cells


 * Are you always reasonable in your reasoning? What does that mean?**

Being able to reason is one thing, and being able to reason your reasoning is another complicated thing. I think you are not always reasonable in your reasoning because you are forming judgments based on logic most of the time, but at other times you can also reason because of other reasons, such as emotions and feelings, which means you are not being logical anymore therefore you are not being reasonable while reasoning.


 * What does the process of reasoning entail?**

Depending on what method you use to reason, there are different processes for reasoning. For inductive reasoning, you start off with a specific observation, and then you make a generalization after that event. For deductive reasoning, you start off with a general idea, and you observe it happening which either chips away your knowledge or theory, or strengthens it. But basically, to reason a specific thing/event you need to observe and have knowledge about it somehow.


 * Are there good and bad reasoning?**

Yes, there are. Good reasoning is when your reasoning is true and valid, all the premises are true and so the conclusion must also be true. Bad reasoning in arguments occur when the premises are false, which creates a formal fallacy or an informal fallacy.




 * Is there a history behind reasoning?**

Yes, it is likely that many thousands years ago, they would probably use reason to work certain things out, but I guess they would’ve had less advantage than us because they had less knowledge than us, and they didn’t have the methods set up for us like we do now. In the early years, there were many types or reasoning, such as Babylonian, Greek, Indian, Chinese, Islamic, etc. All of these types of reasoning contain logic, and it is probably still carried out ever since.

__Types of Reasoning__

 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What are inductive and deductive processes of reasoning? What is informal reasoning? @http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Inductive process of reasoning is when a specific experience turns into a generalization. (Observation to idea) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Deductive process of reasoning is when you make or have a general idea about something and you observe it happening, it may or may not be true. (From idea to observation) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Informal reasoning is a broad term for any various methods of analyzing or evaluating arguments used in everyday life.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is reasoning done to produce knowledge about something specific, or something in general? How is this done? Provide examples of each. **

Reasoning is done in both ways, it can create knowledge about something specific or general, based on your inductive or deductive reasoning and on the situation you are in.<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Reasoning helps us to differentiate a true statement from a false one, and without it we have less knowledge about what we are currently experiencing. For example, for inductive reasoning, someone sees these two girls that are always together, day by day, so his generalization of the two girls is that they are best friends. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> A deductive reasoning, to create a generalization, can be when you see a pink laptop and you immediately think its a girl's, but then later you found out its a guy's. So your main assumption was wrong, because not all guys dislike pink.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What role does time play in judging the truth value of your reasoning, whether inductive or deductive? **

I think when you're little, you were given all sorts of generalization from your family and teachers, so you were more to inductive reasoning, assuming that something is always correct and always true, but then as you get older, you experience more and you know a lot more about the world, so you take that generalization one step further and make it specific. I think teachers use deductive reasoning more, because older people tend to have more experience than younger people, so they make more generalizations. But then, inductive reasoning steps in and either chips away the generalization or makes it stronger, depending on experience.


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How do you know if you are doing it correctly or not? When is it valid or invalid? When is it true or false? Does it always lead to truth? Create syllogisms and let's see - visit @http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism for examples.**


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Are all types of reasoning reliable? How do you know this? Check these fallacies: let's find examples in your life of when they occur - @http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/toc.htm **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the relationship of reasoning to knowledge, the creation or discovery of knowledge, and ultimately, to truth? **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the difference between empiricism and rationalism? Which do you think explains reality with greater accuracy? Provide examples of each. Visit: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/ **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What sorts of things might influence reasoning? **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What is the relationship of the other WOKs to reasoning? **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Possible Activity: Logic formulations – use Oxford text p. 68-72 **
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Also do activity p. 73: find an editorial article and identify the premise and conclusion. Share and compare. **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Truth requires an examination of content and meaning **

Appeal to Authority

Definition: While sometimes it may be appropriate to cite an authority to support a point, often it is not. In particular, an appeal to authority is inappropriate if: A variation of the fallacious appeal to authority is hearsay. An argument from hearsay is an argument, which depends on second or third hand sources.
 * 1) the person is not qualified to have an expert opinion on the subject,
 * 2) experts in the field disagree on this issue.
 * 3) the authority was making a joke, drunk, or otherwise not being serious

Appeal to authority is where it is argued that a statement is correct because a person or source that is commonly regarded makes the statement as authoritative. The most general structure of this argument is:
 * 1) Source A says that p is true.
 * 2) Source A is authoritative.
 * 3) Therefore, p is true.

This is a fallacy because the truth or falsity of the claim is not necessarily related to the personal qualities of the claimant, and because the premises can be true, and the conclusion false (an authoritative claim can turn out to be false).

Example:

"Isaac Newton was a genius and he believed in God."

“The brilliant William Jenkins, the recent Nobel Prize winner in physics, states uncategorically that the flu virus will be controlled in essentially all of its forms by the year 2,050. The opinion of such a great man cannot be disregarded.”

When someone/book/website says a statement and assume it is true because of their level of authority or experience. Example, when a teacher says to a student that this particular way of doing it is better, because the teacher has more power over the student.

“My dad thinks I’m smarter than most students in my class. So I am smarter than most students in my class”

[]

1) Loveheart (Group)

Individual -

Group - Family - Friends - Warmth - Care - Religion

Universal - Love - Relationship - Heart - Unity

2) Vaseline (Individual)

Individual - Survival item - Lip care - Number one thing in my bag, all the time!

Group - Moisturizer

Universal - Petroleum Gel made for skincare

3) Sun (Universal)

Individual - Fear of being dark

Group -Beach - Nice weather - Joyful

Universal - Solar system - Astronomy - Vitamin D -

Is language individual, and personalized, or is it shared in a community? STARS

- If you think about each word carefully, it is able to fit in to each category of meanings of words, which are Individual, Shared and Common. - For some words, there is a cultural meaning that comes up first before the individual meaning. For example, “Cinema” in Saudi, in this culture, it is considered wrong and so, for this reason, there are no cinemas in this country. - The inventing of words are individual at the beginning, but common when shared. For example, Shakespeare and Newspeak in 1984. Some of their words are in the dictionary and are used in everyday language. - Language is a strong aspect of WOK because it gives meaning to the words and how they are viewed differently. - Language has both advantage and disadvantage to globalization, for example, for example when people communicate, they have different views on how companies should be developed.

Is language be personal/individual or is it part of a shared community? STARS

I think that language can be individual, but when shared, it is recognized and it becomes universal, for example, Shakesprean language. Cultural meaning of a word would usually come first, and then the individual meaning would come afterwards.

It is important to share the language because everyone would understand it and makes it easier to communicate to people. Sometimes individual meanings are important to share because other people might feel the same way. At most of the time, language is shared in a community, everyone learns and speaks the same language, but at times, theres certain situations that make this false, for example a new person comes in and speaks a different language.

Is there a difference between the written word and speaking or dialogue? Provide examples. SATURN
 * 1) Content makes a difference
 * 2) You can incorporate emotions into words
 * 3) Words have different meanings (literal/figurative)
 * 4) The method of how words are expressed (Tone/Volume)
 * 5) Fonts reflect different styles (bold, italics, small, big)
 * 6) Spelling and Capitalization - (Thanks vs. Thnx) (march vs. March)
 * 7) Different cultures may have different meanings to specific words

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff00ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Does language change? How, when, and why? PINKIES How: - Formal --> Slang (eg. teacher --> friends) - Translation (eg. from one language to another) - Interpretation of definition within words (eg. i love you to a friend or to a some one special) - Time (eg. Chinese & Egyptian symbols) When: - Migration (eg. depending on where you live and what century Why: - Easy (efficient)  - Cool (Part of your identity - Personal codes (eg. own language) - Changes according to stuff changing (possibly technology) - Influence (eg. from the people around you)

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">10 points: TREES -It depends on the situation, whether a person is being serious or sarcastic -Confusion between literal and figurative can lead to misconceptions -Can be literal or figurative depending on how people would interpret it -People sometimes misunderstand what you say and take it literally -We use figurative to add humor -For figurative, we play with words -Literal is the way you describe what it is -Figurative is when you play with words by creating metaphors -Examples: -When you spill a bag of beans -When you tell someone the full details of a story -Someone's eyes (iris) are black -A person was punched in the face and has a black eye -The sky is blue on a Monday -A sad monday -A rabbit's foot -Can also mean luck
 * Spill the beans
 * Black eye
 * Blue Monday
 * Rabbit's foot